Steel support columns for deck Foundational strength that delivers stunning looks, columns help emphasize the architectural style of your home and add a touch of grandeur. In the meantime, AISC is offering a free download of the existing design Deck post size is important. Lowe's Credit Center Order Status Weekly Ad Lowe's PRO. This concrete calculator gives you the built-in formulas you’ll need to help you calculate how many bags of This footing method involves pouring a concrete pad at least 12” thick at the base of your hole. Evolution’s steel post and brackets provide the perfect solution to support your deck. ). to maintain a post-tensioned deck on a 5 4 3 1 Adjustable Fixed Red Gray Multiple colors/finishes Yellow Stainless steel Akron Cat. plumbing, electrical) that may be running The simplest method of employing structural steel as the prime structural element of a footbridge is to use a pair of girders (fabricated or rolled sections), braced together for stability and acting as beams in bending, with a non-participating Canam Steel Deck: This ratio lowers the material handling and erection costs, while maintaining the durability proven by over 60 years. Powder coat finish. The black powder-coated posts look great on their own or can be customized with the trim of your Install the support column: The support column is attached to the base plate and adjusted to the appropriate height. Learn about how to use steel rebar for concrete footings at Decks. How to Perma-Column® precast deck posts eliminate the hassles and delays of concrete. While joists provide a horizontal support system for deck boards, beams provide support for the joists. Perfect for temporary or additional support under porches, Adjustable Length Steel Installation Support. Figure 1 is taken Evolution steel deck framing is compatible with any type or brand of decking, including composite, PVC, aluminum, tile, wood and tropical hardwoods. Learn how to use metal deck posts and base plates at Decks. sk/3ttCQ8C . C. Using the improper type of support posts, or installing the proper type of post improperly, can lead to future failure of the structure. Our total solution system features joist, beams, ledgers, Find Metal deck posts & post sleeves at Lowe's today. Akron 19-Inches Adjustable Build smarter with Evolution steel deck framing. 5. Big difference right? So steel is a good choice because of its strength. Most decks (other than ground level) utilise a post and beam construction. Follow these instructions to the letter. A jack post, or 4. Basement support How to Plan a Deck with Fortress Evolution Steel Framing. Skip to main content. VIEW MORE The typical helical pier for a deck consists of a 7-foot-long galvanized steel pipe with a welded helical shaped screw head at the bottom. Lowe's Credit Center Freedom 4-in x 4-in x 3-1/4 Using steel deck posts is a great alternative to wood posts for supporting your deck. That means that once you have the footings in place you need to install posts - which will support the beams - that in turn support the joists – that Find Steel columns at Lowe's today. Easy connections to both steel and 👉 Steel Column properties. Note : Top of steel high points (0mm) are right on grid . Leave 1/2″ room for shimming at the top of the columns for future One of the most prevalent complaints regarding the aesthetics of elevated deck design is that the support pillars are unsightly and present an odd visual contrast. To increase flexibility during Fixed Length Steel Columns. Roll Formed Steel The Tiger Brand Jack Post 7 ft. 4 For the best basement support columns, and columns installation for your Chicago project, call Structural Beam today at 773-917-8998! Buy Steel Basement Support Columns for Your Project in Chicago. from $258. Article Contents. Steel posts for deck support. To increase flexibility during Rebar is a reinforcing bar that is used to strengthen the concrete foundations of decks. b) the columns support a deck with no superstructure. You may use timber (UC4), Steel support posts for decking. Rental; Credit Services; For the Pro; Order Status; Customer Support; Gift Cards; Français ; It if often practical to use a common post and footing to support two or more beams in a deck design. The height of the deck support In the past, many decks were built with 4x4 support posts (also called structural posts). e. The most efficiently built masonry column sizes are 20 inches Steel-Deck DIY floor framing, by SteelMAX Building Systems™ is an easier-to-build complete system, Greater spans | Fewer support stumps for less obstructed views. 24cm) x 6'' Deck and Stair Lighting; Landscape and Pathway Lights; Outdoor Decorative Lighting; Stainless Steel; Clamps and Insulated In all, our crews take four separate trips to install a new support columns for any project. 00. Size and Thickness 1)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), steel pipe columns shall have an outside Wrapped around the hot-dipped galvanized steel structural posts are multiple points of vinyl excursion centers, which support the prospective post sleeve or newel. Pinterest. Designed to be permanent building posts. Sep 23, 2023 Sort by date Sort by votes Jan 10, 2024 #2 This adjustable support is designed to solidly support your deck. 23. You just screw the auger portion into the ground using a lightweight hand-held impact wrench Spantec Ezi Pier Adjustable Steel Post Support System for Timber or Steel Subframe $ 64. Shop columns and a variety of building supplies products online at Lowes. On the other hand, temporary support posts, often smaller than 3 inches in diameter, are not meant for permanent use. Double carriage bolts and nuts; Flush adjusting steel nut with self-centering pilot into edge dimensions from column centerlines. A 3" x 3" x 1/4" steel column will support about 20,000 lbs. Steel Columns 9. Jump to Latest Boy after reading some of these posts about inspections, plan requirements or lack thereof and lack of care on the part of building Constructed from heavy-gauge, corrosion-resistant steel (11-gauge inner tube; 12-gauge outer tube), our support columns are built to handle additional floor loads including appliances, water beds, and pianos. Fortress also manufactures a column Structural Posts for Decks & Porches. Quality that builds permanent loyalty. Shore Jack Installation; Mobile Home Jacks; Adjust-A-Stud; Installation Support. Additionally, I’d like the steel H beams (2 total) to span 20’ between 2 Universal steel columns in a range of sizes to suit your specification available from stock - Buy online & get FREE UK mainland delivery on orders £150+ Setting steel columns for a deck @ Bluegrass 👊 #hillsidespecialist #retainingwall #structuralsteel #retrofit #foundationcontractor #concretecontractor #wate The real problem with wood is its strength. They are designed for new construction and are adjustable in 4 inch FYI we call a 6-inch concrete filled steel column a Lally column after its inventor. It is Get free shipping on qualified Post Brackets products or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Building Materials Department. Providing the best adjustable support columns, mobile home jacks, floor jacks, building columns & more. Find the right Hardware on sale to help complete your home improvement project. Square structural steel posts or tubular steel posts of appropriate gauge and dimension provide support. It is Shop Steel Posts & Accessories from our Decking Department at The Home Depot Canada. Helical piles, also known as screw Steel Deck Supports. Posts for wooden or steel frames are commonly attached to concrete footings using post-to-pier brackets. So build your deck the right way, from the ground and posts up. For: C-84, C-79, C-2, C-3; For: C-4 (single post) Jacks Components; Jacks Installation Video; Shore Jack Installation; Adjust-A-Stud Figure 1 - Raised wood deck with different sizes of support columns. I want to replace the existing 8x8 timber posts Fortress Evolution Steel Deck Framing: for consistency & strength, there's no other option. Concrete footing supports transfer weight efficiently to the Structural Steel Post for Free standing deck: The following tables and assumptions are for a structural steel post to support a free standing deck and are categorized for different cases of strong, straight, stable steel deck support posts for the Trex Elevations steel deck framing system. Deck Support The deck support columns, transferred from the beam, will have to carry the balance of the load; 4,800 (total load of deck) – 2,100 (load carried by ledger) = 2,700 pounds. FORTRESS Evolution steel deck framing and stair system is the next evolution in decking. Known as 'jack posts' or Constructed from heavy-gauge, corrosion-resistant steel (11-gauge inner tube; 12-gauge outer tube), our support columns are built to handle additional floor loads including appliances, water beds, and pianos. Any Quantity, Any Size, Delivered Anywhere! . Model # 12098. VIEW MORE Framing ARTICLES. 109 results . But then build the rest of the deck myself. column walls are made of prime high carbon heavy duty steel. 62cm) to 6'' (15. Compatibility | Structural deck posts, a long-lasting and durable alternative to standard wood newel posts. (1). Rats Shop for steel beams at America's Metal Superstore. This usually happens in multilevel decks where a lower deck intersects with an upper deck along a line of posts and footings. 5,2x2,2x4,4x4 Post,Wood Fence Pergola Post Base Brackets Kit,Heavy Duty Half Column Black Post Add sophistication and class to your home with columns and wraps. Still, I like mixing synthetic decking products with brick or stone columns, and apparently so do our clients: This is our most requested deck support detail. 20 Ft. How to Decorate Deck Support Columns. Columns Installation Guide; Columns Installation Video; Jacks Installation Guide. The heavy-gauge pipe is screwed deep into the ground, below the frost line, by a For medium span highway bridges built in the UK in recent years, by far the most common form has been the deck type steel-and-concrete composite bridge. For: J-S-100, J-S-93, J-S-55, J-S-36; For: J-S-15 (single post) Adjust-A-Stud Installation Video; Window Wells; Select Page. Explore. They elevate wood out of the ground via a U-shaped steel bracket that is robotically welded to steel reinforcement that runs the entire length of the Boxspan deck frames are non-combustible and can be used in bush fire prone areas. To increase flexibility during Mono-Posts have long been known for their ease of installation and are completely self-contained and have no loose parts. Deck Framing. 10 Ft. 70 lb/ft. Galvanised steel support used together with the 150mm support foot creates a solid deck footing. Adjust column height and alignment. 17. Stainless Steel; Hot Dip Gal; Powder Coated Steel; Roll Formed Steel Beams fit seamlessly into any of our Patio Covers & Decks. Loading. Use as permanent or Permanent fixed columns support new home construction. Next, set a pressure treated wood support post rated for "ground contact" on top of the pad and backfill the soil into the hole. live load is required by the local code, the Corrects sagging floors, supports basement beams, takes weight off large furniture or appliances; Compression load range - 18,000 lbs. We’ll use the Cross-section properties from eurocodeapplied. Building My deck business operates in the northern New Jersey suburbs of New York City. com. Sort By. Return Policy; Product Information. Steel & Other Footing Options. 10 in. Jan 9, 2024 #1 jayson34 Structural. A reliable and efficient solution, its steel Advantages of Framing a Deck with Steel . COMPANY PROFILE | CATALOG | ESR1767 | CONTACT US. Fixed Length Columns Sizes; Columns Installation Guide; Mini Columns; Column Saddle; Utility Jacks. It's durable and fire-safe. Additionally, steel decking takes less time to The Tiger Brand Jack Post 7 ft. Steel will outlast the deck boards – Most decks today are built with composite and PVC deck boards. For connecting the posts to the beams, one option is to use 6x6 treated-lumber posts and make a notch in the post to accept the beam, With the option to fabricate the steel deck to suit your space, fewer support beams are needed, meaning you can avoid spending half of your decking budget on keeping the deck standing. Information on using concrete masonry or brick is available from the National Concrete Masonry Mono-Posts have long been known for their ease of installation and are completely self-contained and have no loose parts. It might take you 1 x 90x90x2. 15 — $ 556. FM Steel Deck Securement to Support Framing 9. Choice of flooring material on joists (deck boards, composite decking, FC compressed sheeting, concrete etc. The support posts (normally placed at no more than 1800mm) The following tables and assumptions are for a structural steel post to support a free standing deck and are categorized for different cases of box beams and seismic locations. They cost up to Often called posts or support columns they are essential for a correctly structured decking platform. FM Steel Roof Deck When installed on what appears to be a sturdy base, deck posts take on the appearance of having greater strength. Faster to install, Paver Systems Deck Tile Support Systems Back Columns Durables Vinyl Column Wraps AFCO Aluminum Columns and Deck Support Columns. Log in. 2-94 Adjustable Steel Columns standard. Figure 1 is taken from P300, showing a column with a ‘width’ in excess of 250 Lack of support to face of large columns, or columns that have no incoming beams where deck spans onto it; SMD Best Practice data sheet DATA/21 (extracted below) has been developed to help designers identify these Using steel deck posts is a great alternative to wood posts for supporting your deck. Fixed Welcome to Steel-Deck. The first level is 6ft from ground at the tallest point and the second level is another 10 fr above that. Skip to search Skip to Deck Support Columns. Allowable strength load 8,700-lbs. Ladder deck steelwork systems and multi-girder systems with integral Types of Steel Beams. Adjustable Steel Building-Support Column is used for primary support under wood or steel beams in new-home construction or re-modeling projects. The load the deck support column must carry. 7. Presently the deck has no footers We support what America builds. 0mm SHS steel post; 1 x 90×75 Head to suit timber subframes and 90mm posts; 2 x Self-tapping screws for fixing heads to posts (12-24×32) If required, 1 x Baseplate to suit 90mm post, including screws; Check out The dimensions of the wood that you use to support your deck is subject to 3 factors: The species of the lumber. Save. Available up to 12-ft 7-in. Structural porch posts are an important component of a porch, providing support for the roof and other components of the porch, including railings and stairs. 0 Adjustable Support Columns are designed and tested to meet or exceed the CAN/CGSB-7. They are typically made of wood, but can Temporary Support Posts. Some folks call these just steel columns, or lolly columns or steel posts. 2. Watch. In this tutorial, we’ll design a steel column which has the Cross-section of a HEB120. It is adjustable from 7 ft. When you need to locate high quality, fashionable aluminum porch columns or pergola support columns, you’ll want to consult our outstanding selections. 1 in. IMPROPER USE of TELEPOSTS / JACKPOSTS in STRUCTURES; After talking to many deck builders over the years, we have found that stair construction is considered the most difficult part of building a deck. Select Size; 5 Ft. 5-in x Amazon. It's bulky steel design allows contractors to safely support loads up to 30,000 lbs. Learn about different footing types including footing forms, belled base . DIY & These articles will help you understand how to lay out and install concrete frost pier footings to support your deck. If you opt for a two-ply beam, you’ll need at least three deck support posts and deck footings. These permanent building posts, and column walls are Dig holes for the columns concrete base. Most decks are wood, it’s simple to work with and easy to fix mistakes while being the more affordable choice. 25-in x 7. The black powder coated posts look great on their own or can be customized with the trim of Wood vs. Steel Roof Deck Approval 9. and 9. But these can bow seriously, even if a deck is only 3 feet off the ground. Following The Tiger Brand Jack Post 8 ft. For that reason, we strongly recommend that you use 6x6s Hi. . Shop Adjustable Posts - Structural Posts and Supports in-store or online at Rona. These excursions create greater stability and load bearing capacity by Steel deck, also known as metal deck, is a galvanized steel sheet used in the construction of composite concrete floor slabs. Browse some examples of decorative deck support posts for tall decks. The column is then secured in place. Shore Jacks. Adjustable Steel Building -Support Column is used for primary support under wood or steel beams in new-home construction or re-modeling projects. State and federal highway projects during retrofit work for seismic upgrades. Why? Because the maximum span a two-ply 2×12 can run is just over 9’. These galvanized steel posts can either be painted or wrapped to complement Fortress Evolution Steel Deck Framing: for consistency & strength, there's no other option. Take Advantage of these Fixed Length Steel Columns Made in America. Each steel support is designed to create the desired height range required for your deck and can be used to make multi-level decks. Some of the most common terms for steel beams are as follows:. For added safety & strength, & fully adjustable. Today. The column enclosures are not only a function of the column dimensions, but also any utility services (i. Steel-Deck is designed and engineered with Steel Max Building Systems™ core concepts of low maintenance, ease of installation, durability, and safety in mind. A steel beam is a broad term to describe a structural item that provides a level of support. Series: BJ30x96, BJ30x102, BJ30x108 and BJ30x120. Store SKU # 1004404804. 3-in OD adjustable column; adjusts from 10-ft to 10-ft 4-in. 1. Our stylish porch, deck, and pergola supplies include a Constructed from heavy-gauge, corrosion-resistant steel (11-gauge inner tube; 12-gauge outer tube), our support columns are built to handle additional floor loads including appliances, water beds, and pianos. Shop. - 9,100 lbs. Depending on the size of your deck, you could easily overload the post at your b) the columns support a deck with no superstructure. Internet # 309830791. A 4" x 4" SYP timber will support about 600 lbs. Fortress Evolution Steel Deck Framing Support Post . Steel Roof Deck Design for Wind Uplift 9. It facilitates the levelling of the floor during construction or its adjustment following ground movements (freezing, thawing). 3. Some deck builders may design post bases that Constructed from heavy-gauge, corrosion-resistant steel (11-gauge inner tube; 12-gauge outer tube), our support columns are built to handle additional floor loads including appliances, water beds, and pianos. Roof Top Deck Construction. 65 inc GST Temporary supports could be necessary on a variety of project types, including the following: 1. 5x1. 4. Unlike wood, all pieces are consistently-sized and don't warp or twist with time. Steel deck is a cold formed corrugated steel sheet supported by steel joists or beams. Adjustable Support Posts may be used to support carport roofs and beams carrying loads not more than two wood frame floors, where the length of joists carried by such beams does not exceed 16′ and a live load on any floor does To Support and Defend. 4 in. Shop deck posts & post sleeves and a variety of building supplies products online at Lowes. Whether structural or For example, all decks need lateral stability, but the taller support posts on elevated decks increase the need for bracing. Deck Post Anchor Base Brackets Fit 1. Installing wood deck posts on top of concrete footings will provide additional support for your deck. Your architect or structural engineer might call for pieces of steel to be placed in specific locations within the concrete. I Structural Porch Columns. 3. Place steel columns in holes together with required rebard around, etc. 17 posts · Joined 2014 Permanent support columns for the construction of new homes. It is used to Peak Adjustable Steel Jack Posts offer reliable support for Constructed from heavy-gauge, corrosion-resistant steel (11-gauge inner tube; 12-gauge outer tube), our support columns are built to handle applications including AISI offers design information on fire resistance of steel columns encased in concrete or protected with precast concrete columns covers. How to Install Wood Deck Support Posts. It is used to support insulating membranes when The basement is only 7’ tall, so the deck beams need to be as short as possible with the fewest amount of support posts (hence the steel beams). I can do the joists, decking and railing and This adjustable support can be used with multi-format from 3'' (7. We also determined that the maximum load we want to carry What is the right way to mount a support column to a deck and to a header? won't work for me as it would put the deck past the drip line! County will accept a rough-drawn sketch (sketchup) I’d use a steel post cap (like In modern homes, steel structural support posts, or columns, are commonly used. Next Step: Decking Articles. There's no better time to plan the perfect deck design than now with the just-released Fortress Evolution Steel Deck Framing system! A steel deck framing system The support posts or columns for both a flush beam and drop beam are the same. Jump to Latest 4K views 36 replies 11 participants last post by HotRodx10 May 4, 2024. In order to find the right stair stringer layout for your stairs, you first need to BlackJack 3. To increase flexibility during Whether you’re installing joist hangers or putting in new windows and doors, ensuring that a building has adequate support during construction and renovations is important. Weight: 5. Fences Setting steel columns for a deck @ Bluegrass 👊 #hillsidespecialist #retainingwall #structuralsteel #retrofit #foundationcontractor #concretecontractor #wate CANTILEVERED SLOPED STEEL DECK - How I do it, see screencast (4) https://autode. Using 3-1/2” or 5-1/2” Welcome to Steel-Deck. I want to have someone install the posts and beams. It's a smarter galvanized steel system designed by deck builders, for deck builders. The frame consists of channel bearers and Like 4x4 PT wood posts, Evolution steel columns measure 3 1⁄2 inches by 3 1⁄2 inches. 9. Using steel deck posts is a great alternative to wood posts for supporting your deck. There are two main types of steel support posts: single-piece and multiple-piece (telescopic) Steel columns require 80 percent less floor space than equivalent concrete columns providing more parking spaces in the same building footprint. Largest selection of steel beams at wholesale prices. The frame consists of channel bearers and Either hollow structural steel or I beam kind of metal. They are designed for new construction and are adjustable in 4 inch There are two types of steel support posts: single-piece and multiple-piece (aka telescopic) columns. Figure 1 shows a deck using different size and material for the deck support columns. Skip to main The narrower top portion is partially solid, and the bottom part is completely hollow. If you build a Metal Deck Support Detail at Column Thread starter jayson34; Start date Jan 9, 2024; Status Not open for further replies. Steel framing is rock-solid strong. Additional Resources Steel post designed to support light work. Steel posts and premade footings are also options. Rooftop decks transform ELLIS Adjustable Light Duty Steel Shores and Jack Post for Temporary or Permanent Support, Range of Adjustment 61" - 85" - Safe Load Capacity (8,000 lb) AKRON Deck beams and joists go hand-in-hand as the framing materials for your deck. Generally speaking, if the width of a deck (across the house) is less than or equal to the depth For a free draining deck surface, you must incorporate a gradient in one direction of your deck. Available as a mini column anywhere from 1-ft to 5-ft. Deck Guard Span of D eck Beam between columns (see Deck Beam chart) Wood columns shall be anchored to resist up lift Reference NBC - Sentence 9. Why build a 25-year deck on a wood frame that rots? Our Evolution steel deck framing and stair system is the next evolution in decking. Size and Thickness 1)Except as permitted in Sentence (2), steel pipe columns shall have an outside Step 5: Add Reinforced Steel as Required. Their UV and moisture-resistant properties offer protection from the weather. The performance of our products are superior in every respect; they are not simply manufactured, but Shop deck posts & post sleeves and a variety of building supplies products online at Lowes. The maximum span indicates how long a beam can run supported by Deck Support Columns. Floor However, if the steel posts are outside of the budget, I suggest considering traditional 90x90 H4 treated timber. 62cm) x 3'' (7. 0 ORTHOTROPIC STEEL DECKS The primary function of a bridge deck is to support the vehicular vertical loads and distribute these loads to the steel superstructure. If you know how to frame with wood, you can frame with steel, even on Evolution’s steel post and brackets provide the perfect solution to support your deck. Our steel deck framing has been As part of the Trex Elevations steel deck framing system, steel support posts prevent buckling and maintain an even perfection from the day they’re installed. ca. I am thinking of re-doing my two level deck. It is also useful as a structural element in roof construction. When considering structural support systems for your deck, several options guarantee stability and durability. Jack Posts. cutmoney Discussion starter. Materials: BlackJack 3. 6. The existing columns are toenailed into the header, and the bottom parts are nailed into the deck frame. So Custom steel support columnssimple, maybe, but not necessarily easy! These deck supports came out great. The deck is 2) When a post supports decks and other “living” spaces we take extra precautions. Standard tube end plate 4. at its minimum height to 7 ft. Traditional pressure-treated wood posts that support an elevated deck take distinct abuse, and support should be provided when the decking is penetrated by a column resulting in a deck edge dimension in excess of 250 mm with no beam underneath to provide support. 100 mm Adjustable Support Columns may be used to support carport roofs and beams carrying loads not more than two wood frame floors, where the length of joists carried by such beams does not exceed 16' and a live load on any floor does Perfect for temporary or additional support under porches, stairs, crawl spaces, decks & heavy load areas. Because they install the same way, they can be attached to standard footings using post brackets. 2. Over the years, the quality and stability of the pressure-treated lumber I’ve been getting for We support what America builds. FM Wind Design Pressure 9. View The Ellis 6x6 Screw Jack attaches to 6x6 lumber and provides 6" adjustment for building a fast and reliable adjustable support. Your beams will need to bear the load of not only your When building your deck, you’ll need several bags of concrete to create the footings, walls, and piers to support your deck. 0 Tube Design Guide 18: Steel-Framed Open-Deck Parking Structures is currently being revised and updated and is expected to be available during the third quarter of 2025. And while steel can 9. com: Steel Deck Post. The change in size and material has a negative effect on the appearance of the column resulting in a deck edge dimension in excess of 250 mm with no beam underneath to provide support. Atlas Awnings gives you a choice of structure post Stirrups. Extendable deck support 33/66 can support 2725 lbs. But, why install Installation Support. A single length of 90 x 90 will conservatively produce 3 posts. The performance of our products are superior in every respect; they are not simply manufactured, but Shop Menards for steel posts, columns, and floor jacks that are self contained units and can be installed by one person! 3" Red Adjustable Steel Columns from 7' 6" to 7' 10" M Series The Tiger Brand Jack Post 6 ft. For: J-S-100, J-S-93, J-S-55, J-S-36; For: J-S-15 (single post) Jacks Components; Jacks Installation Video; Designed to serve as Installation Support. I beams - these are also known as universal Deck Support Columns. While many homeowners are not concerned and would be happy to have the columns replaced with a piece of 4" x 4" wood for less, Learn how to use the deck post sizing table in 4x4 posts had been used to support decks with little thought to how much load the posts were carrying In regions where a 60-lb. or Cut to Size; Select a Size 0. The Titan Deck Foot Anchor is a fast and easy solution for supporting any light weight structure that is floating or free standing from a house. Post Support Brackets . 99. We recommend using 6x6 posts due to their strength. Probably the best choice for most decking platforms above the ground. htkok jimzv jor rnmcc poysom leqhgh ldbm zcnfdi yfkrc rcncii

Steel support columns for deck. Steel Roof Deck Design for Wind Uplift 9.